灰色关联度分析在地下水污染源强定量评价中的应用

以氨氮为研究对象,利用HYDRUS-1D软件模拟多个污染场地氨氮质量浓度的折减系数,通过灰色关联度法分析折减系数与场地污染源、包气带特征指标之间的关联程度.依据关联度计算结果,建立了以主要特征指标为自变量、折减系数为因变量的多元线性回归方程,综合反映包气带对某一特征污染物的衰减能力.案例研究结果表明,在典型场地资料有限的前提下,该方法能快速有效地得到地下水中的氨氮质量浓度预测值,并保证计算误差在统计学标准范围内.     

Is Chinese trade policy motivated by environmental concerns?

This paper analyses whether China's export VAT rebates and export taxes are driven by environmental concerns. Since China struggles to enforce environmental regulation, trade policy can be used as a second-best environmental policy. In a general equilibrium model it is possible to show that the second-best export tax increases in a product's pollution intensity. The empirical analysis investigates whether the export tax equivalent of partial VAT rebates and export taxes are higher for products which are more pollution intensive along several dimensions. The results indicate that the VAT rebate rates are set in a way that discourages exports of water pollution intensive, SO₂ intensive and energy intensive products from 2007 on. Moreover, the conservation of natural resources such as minerals, metals, wood products and precious stones seems to be a key determinant of China's export VAT rebate rates. There is little evidence that export taxes are motivated by environmental concerns.     

多因素驱动下的中国城市环境效应分析——基于285个地级及以上城市面板数据

城市化是深刻影响经济社会发展的一项重大社会工程,也是在世界范围内具有一定普遍规律的发展现象,我国多年来快速的城市化取得了积极成效,也积累了严重的环境问题。本研究从经济发展与环境压力的国内外研究出发,以285个地级及以上城市为研究对象,利用调整过的STIRPAT模型,分析这些城市2004—2013年工业SO_2排放强度、工业废水排放强度和工业烟(粉)尘排放强度的驱动因素,结果显示:(1)产业结构调整会产生显著的环境效应,第二产业产值占比对工业污染物排放强度有显著的拉动作用,虽然现阶段我国大多数城市的产业结构向合理化趋势发展,但部分城市仍过分倚重第二产业对经济的拉动,资源消耗大、环境污染严重;(2)城市人口密度与空间规模扩张,使不同规模、不同经济发展水平的城市间出现了"污染转移"现象;(3)我国城市成为外资企业"污染避难所"的问题并不突出,外资企业对工业烟(粉)尘排放相关产业部门降低排放强度有显著的正环境效应;(4)在一定的城市规模区间内,城市规模对工业污染物排放强度有显著影响;(5)285个城市中,大多数城市的工业污染物排放强度的EKC曲线拐点可能已经到来且处于曲线下降阶段,污染反弹的可能性不大,但污染物排放强度拐点的到来并不意味着环境质量改善的拐点也到来。因此,需要正确认识和处理好经济发展与环境保护之间的关系,为城市化发展滞后地区留足发展的生态资本,通过强化环保总体规划、明确生态红线和城市增长边界,合理布局城市产业结构、提高城市土地集约化程度引进绿色资本、实施差异化评估考核等方式推动城市绿色可持续发展。     

掺硫改性TiO2对活性艳红X-3B的光催化降解性能研究

以硫脲为硫的源物质，以钛酸四丁酯为TiO₂的前驱体，采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了掺硫改性TiO₂光催化剂。以活性艳红X-3B为目标污染物，研究了该催化剂的光催化降解性能，对硫掺杂量、催化剂焙烧温度、溶液pH值以及催化剂添加量等影响因素进行了研究，并采用XRD分析手法对光催化剂进行表征。结果表明，经掺硫改性后的TiO₂的催化活性有了很大提高，且硫的掺杂有一个最佳值，即Ti∶S的摩尔比为1∶1。经掺硫改性的TiO₂在可见光区具备一定的催化活性， 180 min内对活性艳红X-3B的去除率可达35.1%,且在紫外光区的催化活性优于纯TiO₂。     

改进遗传算法在污水处理工艺优选决策指标权值确定中的应用

构建了基于模糊聚类的改进遗传算法（简称FMGA）,用于污水处理工艺优选决策指标权值的确定。FMGA的数值仿真结果表明,该算法能有效避免早熟收敛,能在较短时间内获取指标权值并且运算过程稳定。最后,将FMGA用于确定三峡库区城镇污水处理工艺优选决策指标的权值。结果表明,经济（0．2602）〉技术（0．2094）〉能耗（0．...     

陕西关中城市群热岛效应指标初探

选取陕西关中地区12个大、小城市,1970—2009年逐月平均最高、最低和平均气温资料进行不同季节的城市热岛效应分析,对描述热岛效应的热岛强度指标进行研究,并提出以华县站为对比站的改进型温度差直线趋势作为关中城市群热岛强度衡量指标。该指标既消除了局地气候变化影响又剔除了个别小城市增温速率过快的影响。计算结果发现：无论城市规模大小,关中城市群一年四季都存在热岛效应。热岛强度冬春季强,夏秋季弱。大城市的热岛强度无论季节或年增加幅度均比小城市大。     

光质对烤烟生长发育、主要经济性状和品质特征的影响

以烤烟（Nicotiana tabacum）云烟87为材料,在烤烟团棵期和打顶期用透光率相近的有色薄膜分别对其进行遮光处理直到采收结束,研究光质对烤烟生长发育、主要经济性状和品质特征的影响。结果表明：蓝光有促进烟株生殖生长和延缓烟叶成熟的作用,红光、黄光和白光对烟株的生育进程无明显影响,打顶期遮光有延长烟株大田生育期的趋势。光质对叶片生长发育影响最大,红光和蓝光的影响效应主要表现在烟叶生育前期,黄光和白光的影响效应主要体现在烟叶生育后期。自然光和红膜下烟株的农艺性状综合表现最好,红光有促进烟茎生长和叶片发育的作用,蓝光和黄光则抑制茎干生长和降低叶面积。烟株生长前期增加红光比例有助于初烤烟叶主要经济性状的改善,后期蓝光的作用逐渐凸显。烟株不同生长时期红光和黄光的适当组合在改善烟叶品质中起着重要作用,烟株生长前期增加红光比例有利于降低初烤烟叶烟碱和蛋白质含量,提高糖类物质含量和评吸质量,但对氧化钾含量作负效应贡献;烟株生长后期提高黄光比例可使初烤烟叶的化学成分更为协调,对吸食品质有较好的提升作用。     

Limiting the impact of light pollution on human health, environment and stellar visibility

Light pollution is one of the most rapidly increasing types of environmental degradation. Its levels have been growing exponentially over the natural nocturnal lighting levels provided by starlight and moonlight. To limit this pollution several effective practices have been defined: the use of shielding on lighting fixture to prevent direct upward light, particularly at low angles above the horizon; no over lighting, i.e. avoid using higher lighting levels than strictly needed for the task, constraining illumination to the area where it is needed and the time it will be used. Nevertheless, even after the best control of the light distribution is reached and when the proper quantity of light is used, some upward light emission remains, due to reflections from the lit surfaces and atmospheric scatter. The environmental impact of this "residual light pollution", cannot be neglected and should be limited too. Here we propose a new way to limit the effects of this residual light pollution on wildlife, human health and stellar visibility. We performed analysis of the spectra of common types of lamps for external use, including the new LEDs. We evaluated their emissions relative to the spectral response functions of human eye photoreceptors, in the photopic, scotopic and the 'meltopic' melatonin suppressing bands. We found that the amount of pollution is strongly dependent on the spectral characteristics of the lamps, with the more environmentally friendly lamps being low pressure sodium, followed by high pressure sodium. Most polluting are the lamps with a strong blue emission, like Metal Halide and white LEDs. Migration from the now widely used sodium lamps to white lamps (MH and LEDs) would produce an increase of pollution in the scotopic and melatonin suppression bands of more than five times the present levels, supposing the same photopic installed flux. This increase will exacerbate known and possible unknown effects of light pollution on human health, environment and on visual perception of the Universe by humans. We present quantitative criteria to evaluate the lamps based on their spectral emissions and we suggest regulatory limits for future lighting.     

Effects of red light camera enforcement on fatal crashes in large U.S. cities

Objective

To estimate the effects of red light camera enforcement on per capita fatal crash rates at intersections with signal lights.

Methods

From the 99 large U.S. cities with more than 200,000 residents in 2008, 14 cities were identified with red light camera enforcement programs for all of 2004-2008 but not at any time during 1992-1996, and 48 cities were identified without camera programs during either period. Analyses compared the citywide per capita rate of fatal red light running crashes and the citywide per capita rate of all fatal crashes at signalized intersections during the two study periods, and rate changes then were compared for cities with and without cameras programs. Poisson regression was used to model crash rates as a function of red light camera enforcement, land area, and population density.

Results

The average annual rate of fatal red light running crashes declined for both study groups, but the decline was larger for cities with red light camera enforcement programs than for cities without camera programs (35% vs. 14%). The average annual rate of all fatal crashes at signalized intersections decreased by 14% for cities with camera programs and increased slightly (2%) for cities without cameras. After controlling for population density and land area, the rate of fatal red light running crashes during 2004-2008 for cities with camera programs was an estimated 24% lower than what would have been expected without cameras. The rate of all fatal crashes at signalized intersections during 2004-2008 for cities with camera programs was an estimated 17% lower than what would have been expected without cameras.

Conclusions

Red light camera enforcement programs were associated with a statistically significant reduction in the citywide rate of fatal red light running crashes and a smaller but still significant reduction in the rate of all fatal crashes at signalized intersections.

Impact on Industry

The study adds to the large body of evidence that red light camera enforcement can prevent the most serious crashes. Communities seeking to reduce crashes at intersections should consider this evidence.     

气体二氧化氯的光降解规律研究

为研究气体二氧化氯的光降解规律,利用自行设计的光降解装置,考察不同波长光源、温度和气体二氧化氯初始质量浓度对其降解速率的影响,同时以暗室降解作为参比试验。结果表明:分别在365 nm紫外光、日光、254 nm紫外光以及400～700 nm荧光照射下,相同初始质量浓度的气体二氧化氯的降解速率逐渐下降;当温度在15～25℃范围变化时,相同初始质量浓度的气体二氧化氯的日光降解速率基本相同;不同质量浓度的气体二氧化氯在日光照射下,降解速率随气体质量浓度的增加而增大。因此,对气体二氧化氯的光降解起主要作用的波长是在365 nm附近的紫外光;温度对其降解速率基本没有影响;在日光照射下,气体二氧化氯的降解速率与质量浓度的一次方成正比,属于一级反应,其半衰期与初始质量浓度无关,仅与反应速率常数k有关,半衰期约为63 min。